Animal Experimentation And The Early Greek Era - 1716 Words

Yuritza Vargas-Gomez Ms. Thomas ENC 1101 9 November 2015 Animal Experimentation: We Owe It to Them Animal Experimentation has been dated as far back as to the Early Greek Era. This practice has been viewed as ethical by research scientists trying to find new medical breakthroughs. Yet, in recent years, the use of animals in research and experimentation has been frowned upon by animal protection groups and animal rights activists. Animals are protected by certain guidelines and ethics prior to their use in research. Contrary to popular belief, animal experimentation should be viewed on a positive note, due to the fact that it can benefit human life, reduce adverse effects on humans, and the cost is cheaper and easier. Before jumping into the whole justification of animal experimentation, it’s important to examine the rights and guidelines that protect the animal itself. Although there may be different guidelines for different animals, the following were created by the American Psychological Association (APA). According to the APA, th e first guideline goes to explain that research should be â€Å"undertaken with a clear specific purpose.† The research must come to a reasonable expectation such as increasing the understanding of the animals under study, or providing outcomes that will have an impact on â€Å"the health,† or well-being of individuals or other creatures. The drive of this study ought to â€Å"ensure a significance to prove the use of nonhuman animals.† Whoever theShow MoreRelated Art of the Ages Essay736 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The main focus of art from the Early Middle Ages to the Renaissance period involved fundamental changes in the way individuals viewed their world. A central element of the Renaissance was the rediscovery of ancient world of Greece and Rome. The ancient classics of philosophy, literature, and science inspired the development of empirical methods to pursue studies in these fields. As Europeans became increasingly aware of classical knowledge some like Galileo began toRead MoreThe Building Blocks Of The Renaissance Movement1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthree different periods known as the Early, the High and the Northern Renaissance. There were significant differences between each of these periods, as well as important leading figures from each. All three Renaissances were individual pieces of history that built upon the knowledge of each other. Without one, subsequent periods would not have been as successful, or even possible. For instance, the translation of Plato’s works into a western language in the Early Renaissance made a huge impact on WesternRead MoreHummanities 3991 Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pagesa person uses the term â€Å"theory† in a sentence it is usually used in a non-scientific way. They assume that a theory is something assumed, but not proven. When the term â€Å"theory† is used in science, it means an explanation based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning. It h as been tested and confirmed as a general principle to explain phenomena. A scientific theory must be based on careful examination of facts. â€Å"A theory is a hypothesis or set of hypotheses that has stood the test and (so farRead MorePros And Cons Of Animal Research1529 Words   |  7 Pagesthe use of animal research in one way or another. My sister was diagnosed with asthma when born and without the help of animal research asthma would still be incurable. Experiencing this history with my sister I went into this research with a large bias for animal research. I found that research on animals is not a new discussion, â€Å"[h]umans have been using other vertebrate animal species†¦as models of their anatomy and physiology since the dawn of medicine.† (Franco 239) The ancient Greeks used animalsRead MoreThe Experimentation Of Plant And Animal Genes1719 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding on the topic. Throughout history, there have been many reports on the experimenta tion of plant and animal genes. Before the invention of modern technology and tools that helps scientists work with sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), early civilizations used what many scientists refer to as the â€Å"traditional way†. The traditional way consists of a more physical way of modifying organisms. In animals, this type of gene modification is known as selective breeding or artificial selectionRead MoreGreek Ideal And Greek s Achievement3231 Words   |  13 PagesPennington Art 2AH 15 June, 2015 Essay Assignment: Greek’s ideal and Greek’s achievement Ancient Greek stands in an important position in the art history. Ancient Greek art proper emerged during the eigth century BCE. Classical and Hellenistic period are the most impressive eras of Greece. There are many values of Greek s culture become the fundamental tenets of today s western civilization. Greeks created the concept of democracy and make a huge contributions in the fields of science, literatureRead More The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 Pagesstudy the history of civilizations and humankind. The Paleolithic cave paintings in France, when viewed in the modern western perspective can only be speculated at as to the intent and/or purpose of the original artisans. 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Hippocrates believed infectious diseases formed through atmospheric-miasmatic theory of disease, which was that diseasesRead MoreHair Thesis4302 Words   |  18 Pagesway it is styled is not only an adornment, but it also tells us more about the personalities, social class or the profession of people. Hairstyles have been developing from ancient times and are still in the process of changing today. With every new era comes a new way of creating and styling our hair. Antiquity: The Egyptians Ancient Egyptians are known for their attention to beauty and cleanliness. They used various items and techniques to style their hair. For them the way they wore their hairRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1356 Words   |  6 Pagesin America had even hear the word marijuana until the late 1920s. A closer examination of marijuana s entry into the American public reveals the source of its stigmatization.. 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Analysis Of Kafka s The Transformation And The...

In one of his letters to longtime friend Max Brod, Franz Kafka stated, â€Å"I usually solve problems by letting them devour me.† Perhaps it is from this close examination and complete immersion into the issues of his own life that such brilliant writing emerges. In writing, Kafka is able to express what he repressed in his life—specifically his difficulties with his father, through the themes of gender and patriarchal power derived from one’s sexuality. In â€Å"The Transformation† and â€Å"The Judgment†, Kafka explores the difficulties within the role of the family patriarch, from troubles in obtaining unwanted power to legitimately being empowered. Kafka’s â€Å"The Transformation† begins with, â€Å"When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect† (Kafka 76). The latter is stated simply, as if Gregor’s transformation into an insect is nothing mo re than an ordinary event of the day’s happenings. But as Gregor continues his life in this new form, it seems that in his bodily cage of an insect he finds freedom from the familial responsibilities of the human world. Within the exposition of the plot it is made evident that Gregor’s family is completely dependent on him. Gregor states, â€Å"If I didn’t have to hold back for the sake of my parents I’d have handed in my notice long since†¦once I’ve got the money together to pay back what my parents owe him†¦I’ll make a clean break† (77). Because of his parents’ debt, Gregor isShow MoreRelatedThe Ideologies Of His Works Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesnot voice his ideologies on the Slavic culture, Jewish existence, and bureaucratic system ; however, he still managed to mirror his perceptions of his society in his works. Kafka was born on July 3,1883 and raised in Prague, Bohemia. In the 1900s, societies structured their family through the patriarchal system. Franz Kafka was the first born of six children, consequently, forcing him to shoulder most of the responsibilities and discipline that come with being an eldest child. Kafka’s father inRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead M oreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 Pagesgraphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified. Microsoft ® and Windows ®, and Microsoft Office ® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other

Red Scare Free Essays

string(53) " now being destroyed by the Wobblies and Socialists\." It was November 18, 1918, the day WWI had officially ended. The last cry of help had been heard and peace was supposedly coming to the United States or it had seemed. An ideological war which prompted mass paranoia had caused, among many other things, what would be known as the Red Scare (****). We will write a custom essay sample on Red Scare or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Red Scare was the label given to the actions of legislation, the race riots, and the hatred and persecution of â€Å"subversives† and conscientious objectors during that period of time. The purpose of this research is to explore the threat that plagued the United States in its’ time of great panic and anxiety, during the â€Å"first† Red Scare which lasted between 1919 to 1921. This powerful threat turned out to be Communism and it was greatly feared by almost every U. S. citizen. Communism is â€Å"system of social and economic organization in which property is owned by the state group, to be shared in common or to be disturbed among members of the community equally or in proportion to their respective needs. In 1919, no more than one-tenth of the adult American population belonged to the newly formed communist movement, and even this small percentage were greatly persecuted. After the real war ended in 1918, the ideological war, turned against conscientious objectors and other radical minorities such as Wobblies, who were members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and also Socialists. It was thought that the Wobblies and the Socialists were trying to overthrow the United States government. Wobblies, were persecuted against for speaking out against the capitalist system. Most of what they said, was only to attract attention, but it was taken seriously by the government. From the very beginning of the Red Scare, the Wobblies were attacked by the government because they were a symbol of radicalism. The government placed legislation not only against the Wobblies but also against Socialists and Communists. In 1917, the US government made a law which gave the Secretary of Labor the power to arrest or deport any alien advocating or teaching destruction of property or the overthrow of government by force. The government used deportation as a cure for the antigovernment views of its enemies. The unfair legislation passed by the government, everything was soon to become a disaster. All that everyone needed was for someone to take advantage of the anti-radical legislation and that is what Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer did in the years 1919-1920. Palmer deported members of the IWW. His Palmer raids had two main targets, which were the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party. These two groups grew out of the IWW and the largest of the three, the Socialist Party of America, had split because of a dilemma over World War I. The Palmer Raids were attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Though more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of prominent leftist leaders, Palmer’s efforts were largely frustrated by officials at the U. S. Department of Labor who had responsibility for deportations and who objected to Palmer’s methods. Once Europe entered the war, the split occurred; this break up hurt the Socialist party and many who were not Socialists opposed the draft, but the party was the point of opposition. These people became targets for attack by American nationalists and the American government; members were lynched and important Socialist documents were burned. One Friday, January 2, 1920 to be exact, agents from the Department of Justice raided a Communist hideout and began arresting thousands of people in major American cities throughout the nation. They raided people who stayed in private homes, clubs, pool halls and coffee shops. The raiding got so hectic that in many places that they started arresting citizens and aliens, Communists and non-Communists. Destruction of meeting halls and property began as well and along with putting their victims in prison, agents held them without an attorney and interrogated them. Prisoners were released a few days later unless they were members of the Communist Party or the Communist Labor Party. These two groups were formed from the American Communist movement and in only two days nearly five thousand people were arrested. Nearly five thousand were seized in the cleaning up that followed during the next two weeks. The arrests were carried out with total disregard for the rights of the prisoners. At this point and time Americans during this time were continuously on the verge of attacking anyone who wasn’t â€Å"American†. These people were extremely patriotic and ready to rid their nation of any intruder that seemed to threaten them, mainly the minorities whom they were very hostile with. Palmer wasn’t the cruelest or the most extreme of these anti-radicals. Senator Kenneth McKellen of Tennessee went so far as to propose sending all native-born radicals to a special penal colony on the island of Guam. Liberal journalist tried to mock Palmer in many different ways. In some occasions they would compare his actions to the shaving of a dogs hair and how by this it would promote growth in the society. Palmer ignored the journalist, and frankly he didn’t care what they said about him and his actions. He still went on with all his raids. On December 27, around 250 deportees sailed for Russia from New York ion the U. S. S. Buford. On Friday, January 2, 1920, agents of the Justice department raided a Communist headquarters and began to arrest thousands of people all throughout the cities. In a period of two days, 5000 people were arrested and 1000 jailed. There was no reason for this doing and the treatment the prisoners got was unacceptable. The peace and security of the American nation was now being destroyed by the Wobblies and Socialists. You read "Red Scare" in category "Papers" The attacks were now focused on them, not anymore on the objectors. They were targeted by the use of the Espionage Act of 1918. â€Å"This act penalized anyone who obstructed the operation of the armed forces, or displayed disloyalty within the forces. The Justice Department convicted more than 1000 people. Surely among this number were a large number of Socialists and Wobblies. The Espionage Act was not the only law that was made by legislators to discriminate against antiwar groups. In October 1918, Congress passed the Alien Act, which gave the Secretary of Labor the power to deport any alien who, at any time after entering the United States, is found to have been at the time of entry, or to have become thereafter a member of any anarchist organization. This gave Palmer the authority to conduct his raids, during which thousands of people were arrested and detained without actually having been charged. Many tries to repeal the legislation, many Socialists became prominent figures due to their attempts to gain release for their imprisoned friends. The government had formulated and put into effect their plan to rid the country of unwanted foreign radicals, but the problem remained as what to do with those radicals were citizens of the United States. This was not to go unanswered for long, however. America was now in a state of disturbed peace and could not calm down until it rids its country of its disruptions. In the Fall of 1918, The Russian Revolution occurred and may also contribute to America’s unrest. Out of nowhere in an extremely violent manner, the Communists citizens took control of the Russian government and murdered the Tsar and his entire family along with thousands of â€Å"nonconforming† Russians. Communism was established on the political philosophy of Karl Marx and was dedicated to establishing a society where there is no private ownership of property and where the government would control the making and distribution of all goods. Karl Heinrich Marx (German pronunciation: [ka l ? ha? n c ? ma ks], 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was aPrussian-German philosopher and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the establishment of the social sciences and the development of the socialist movement. Marx’s work in economics laid the basis for our understanding of labor and its relation to capital, and has influenced much of subsequent economic thought. [4][5][6][7] He published numerous books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867–1894). Due to the horrible misconduct and the overthrow of government, Americans began to panic. If it could happen in Russia, why couldn’t it happen here? No plot to overthrow the government was ever uncovered. Yet, it was the paranoid fear of Communists that drove many Americans to violence. Another reason for the Red Scare was the strike held by mine workers. They were thought to be making threats against the Capitalist system through subversive Socialist organizations. These strikes were part of a series of events which took place in 1919. This strike, which occurred in February, was of 60,000 coal mine workers. In that September, steel workers attacked. Of course the blame was put upon the American Communists, although many communists tried to oppose this strike. Nationalist Americans called for the stop of the Bolshevik Revolution that was taking place in America. This panic traveling through the United States, made a series of bombs occur. Immediately the Socialist were accused. Attorney General Palmer took advantage of the panic of the public and asked Congress for fund appropriations to help avoid further danger. Congress not only supplied funds, but made sure that all foreign radicals were deported. This plan went very well, but then the government didn’t know what to do when the radicals were US citizens. During my research of this this topic, I have learned a number of things. First of all, America was caught in a web of fear and conspiracy. No one could trust his neighbor or his father for fear that he was involved in the Communist movement. Americans were not happy with their government at this time, but this didn’t mean that they wanted Communism as an option. Hyphenated Americans were particularly suspected. I have also learned that although Communism might have caused a lot of panic, no plot of Communism was ever found to be true. However, just because nothing was found doesn’t mean that there wasn’t anything to be found. America was extremely prejudiced toward anyone who wasn’t a â€Å"pure American†. The Red Scare provided Americans with a scapegoat, now that we were no longer fighting the Germans. People really believed that Communists were everywhere and were plotting to overthrow the government. Citizens were now being treated like the women who were accused of being witches in the Salem Witch Trials. It didn’t matter if you were or we’re not a Communist if someone accused you of being one. You were branded for most of your life. The biggest fear on people’s minds was a communism takeover. People thought that Russia was going to cause an internal revolution within the US that would eventually end up removing the democratic government and replacing it with a dictator and communist government. The thought of Russia even attempting to do an attack was foolish from the beginning. America was also happy with its democratic government and was sure that they would have defeated the revolution. This is why America never had any true reason to fear a communist takeover occurring in the United States. The entire Red Scare was meant to keep communism out, and the main reason they wanted to do that is so they could remain free. â€Å"On the evening of Monday, December 29,1919, members of the Central Executive Committee of Buffalo’s Communist party gathered for a meeting in party headquarters in the second floor of the Teck Theater on Main Street. At about 9:30 p. m. , thirty police officers climbed the building’s front and rear staircases, and the fire escape, forced open the doors of the meeting hall and burst in. As the party members stood quietly and watched, the police confiscated party records, including a membership list, communist pamphlets, hundreds of copies of the manifesto of the Communist party of America, a small printing press, a mimeograph machine and two typewriters. Then the police arrested twenty-two party members and locked most of them up in the third precinct police station on Pearl Street. Working through the night, police raided the homes of other party leaders, picking up George Till at 1:00 a. m. , and Christopher Keegan at 2:00 a. m. Raiders aroused Franklin Brill from sleep at his Williamsville home and brought him before District Attorney Guy Moore at 3:00 a. m. † The Committee commonly known as the Lusk Committee, after its chairman State Senator Clayton R. Lusk of Cortland—had been established in March 1919 to investigate individuals and organizations suspected or promoting the overthrow of the United States government. The raids in November, December, and early January were the culmination of months of activity that had left the country in general, and Buffalo in particular, in a state of panic. On April 28, there was a bomb found in the mail of Seattle’s outspoken mayor, Ole Hanson. Another bomb was found, exploded and blew the hands off a Georgia senator’s maid. One time a New York postal clerk found sixteen more bombs that had not been sent due to a plethora of insufficient postage. Not even a month later after the April 28th bomb scare, another bomb destroyed the front of the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington. May Day riots occurred in several major U. S. cities, summer race riots in others and even rhe the Boston Police strike in September, followed by the nationwide steel strike and coal strike heightened animosity against socialists and radicals who were already held to be pariahs because of their pacifist stance during World War I. In June 1919, New York state officials raided the Rand School of Social Science in New York, as well as the headquarters of the I. W. W. along with the Socialists. This raids were created by the New York legislature action that created the Lusk Committee. The idea behind this committee was anit-radical, and it’s tactics spread nationwide very quickly. Even with the legislation in place, Attorney General Palmer complained that not enough was being done to deportees. Even though after the Red Scare, he argued for the release of a Socialist that was imprisoned during the Scare and during it he helped convict many. In August of 1919, Palmer created an intelligence department to deal with problems that originated with anarchists. He appointed J. Edgar Hoover to lead the new agency. One of the first assignments of this agency was to raid The Union of Russian Workers in New York. The Red Scare finally came to an end after a series of actions by high government officials. Assistant Secretary of Labor Louis F. Post began to reject most of the immigrant related cases that were brought to him. Even the Secretary of Labor himself, William B. Wilson turned against Palmer. Out of 6,000 warrants issued during the raids, less than 1,000 resulted in deportations. Even though everyone opposed his actions, he still had the dream of running for president. But He was never nominated. By 1920, the Red Scare, was disappearing and by 1921 it was virtually gone. The hysterical anti-radical outbreak in 1919 and 1920 was relatively short-lived but that it left its mark on immigration policy, labor relations, and Constitutional liberties that lasted for generations. Higham argues that the Scare grew out of a fear that a huge part of the American population during World War I derived from enemy territory How to cite Red Scare, Papers

P.S. I Love You Review Essay Example

P.S. I Love You Review Paper Essay on P.S. I Love You I confess, opening this book, I was afraid that it would look like a movie: he, contrary to my zhruzey, I did not like, and from the first shots. There was in him no love, no heat, no piercing pain of loss all the things that I found later in the book So, the story is known to all:. Holly loses her husband and voluntarily locks himself within four walls, in order to live the memory of Jerry lost the sense of her life. And then she gets a box of his letters -. Marked months of instructions to resolve the impasse of life The book I liked its simple fact that the events described could happen to anybody. Any of us could be in place of holly and would have felt the same as she. Yes, it is a novel about love and romance that, even after losing most goavnoe in life, do not bury yourself alive . No matter what happens, life goes on, and it is not necessary to resist its course. Yes, do not forget, but that does not mean that you should live only loss. The world is beautiful, and the need to reopen it his soul We will write a custom essay sample on P.S. I Love You Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on P.S. I Love You Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on P.S. I Love You Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In my opinion, this book -. A great benefit to overcome depression and rethink their relationship to reality And it Holly changes his. life, doing something that before did not dare to take at least a career change. And, as it turned out, not in vain. Indeed, it is not necessary to be afraid, you need to try. Keep the past and enjoy the present PS:. Thanks to this trash as it is called, the book, I began to think, not whether to risk and I change something in my life, too, aims at the moon . Yes, the language is simple but it is a book about the life of ordinary people, who in their daily lives do not express themselves literary language classics. But precisely because of this language, this simple dialogue that can be heard in reality, the book seems sincere, real. Whether it has more psychology / philosophy, the analysis would be more slodny, ornate language, I would have taken it quite differently. P.S. I Love You Review Essay Example P.S. I Love You Review Paper Essay on P.S. I Love You I confess, opening this book, I was afraid that it would look like a movie: he, contrary to my zhruzey, I did not like, and from the first shots. There was in him no love, no heat, no piercing pain of loss all the things that I found later in the book So, the story is known to all:. Holly loses her husband and voluntarily locks himself within four walls, in order to live the memory of Jerry lost the sense of her life. And then she gets a box of his letters -. Marked months of instructions to resolve the impasse of life The book I liked its simple fact that the events described could happen to anybody. Any of us could be in place of holly and would have felt the same as she. Yes, it is a novel about love and romance that, even after losing most goavnoe in life, do not bury yourself alive . No matter what happens, life goes on, and it is not necessary to resist its course. Yes, do not forget, but that does not mean that you should live only loss. The world is beautiful, and the need to reopen it his soul We will write a custom essay sample on P.S. I Love You Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on P.S. I Love You Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on P.S. I Love You Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In my opinion, this book -. A great benefit to overcome depression and rethink their relationship to reality And it Holly changes his. life, doing something that before did not dare to take at least a career change. And, as it turned out, not in vain. Indeed, it is not necessary to be afraid, you need to try. Keep the past and enjoy the present PS:. Thanks to this trash as it is called, the book, I began to think, not whether to risk and I change something in my life, too, aims at the moon . Yes, the language is simple but it is a book about the life of ordinary people, who in their daily lives do not express themselves literary language classics. But precisely because of this language, this simple dialogue that can be heard in reality, the book seems sincere, real. Whether it has more psychology / philosophy, the analysis would be more slodny, ornate language, I would have taken it quite differently.

Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity Essays

Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity Essays Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity Paper Intergenerational Versus Intra-Generational Equity Paper Whilst the notions of intergenerational equity and intra-generational equity are not always completely incompatible, the assumption that they are necessarily mutually reinforcing is certainly misguided. The notions of equity as between noncontemporaries and contemporaries can quickly be distinguished. The former requires thought about levels of savings of natural and other assets over time. The latter is inherently connected to distributive politics between contemporaries. The notion of distributive justice between contemporaries is a highly contested area, of course, and presents a great potential constraint on the exercise of the principle of intergenerational equity. Those who mention the two notions within one breath underemphasise, in this author’s view, the deep-seated potential for conflict between them. If more than lip-service is to be paid to either principle, then they must be distinguished from one another. Legal academics and judges would do better to draw out the distinction between the two terms and consider both their competing and complementary requirements in any given case. It may be that judges are in some cases forced to delineate a hierarchy between the two competing considerations. Though preferable to decision-making that fails to confront the issue, such a decision would be a fraught task. One school of tresources away from the needy of the current hought would hold that the quest for intra-generational equity should never trump that of intergenerational equity. This type of approach sees intergenerational equity as anterior to intra-generational equity in the sense that unless certain aspects of the natural environment are preserved for future generations, there will be no patrimony to be distributed geographically within future generations. According to this view, there are certain environmental imperatives that must occur even at the expense of some members of the current generation. This is the type of view likely to be associated with deep ecology, but a parallel can be seen in some views of fiscal policy. By contrast, another school of thought holds striving for intergenerational equity through future-oriented redistribution is unjust to the extent that it moves resources away from the needy of the current generation. Drawing on Rawls’ notion of just savings, Frà ©dà ©ric Gaspart and Axel Gosseries note that transfers of generational (as opposed to purely private) savings to future generations might be regarded as unfair ‘toward the least well-off members of the current generation.’ They put it this way: â€Å"Imagine that a given generation anticipates that at the end of its existence a surplus is likely to be transferred to the next generation on top of the equivalent of what the current generation inherited to the previous one. If the constitution of such a surplus is likely, it should benefit the least well-off members of the current generation rather than the next generation as a whole.† It is worth noting that Gaspart and Gosseries do not see this approach as in any way inimical to impartiality between generations; they stress that this argument does not ‘presuppose any priority of intra-generational justice over intergenerational justice.’ It would, however, require intra-generational redistribution of savings as to occur before any intergenerational redistribution: any inequity within the current generation would have to be addressed before generational savings could be put away for future generations. More broadly, there seems to be a failure by those touting the notion of sustainable development to confront the dilemma posed by the (often) contradictory requirements posed by these two ethical aims. Perhaps Gaspart and Gosseries are correct on a theoretical level in suggesting that the attainment of intra-generational equity need not rule out intergenerational equity. However, in the concrete and more bounded situations likely to be heard by judges, in which only the parties before the court have standing in the matter at hand, and in which only the principle of intergenerational is to be applied, it seems likely that some decisions will have to set aside the geographical demands of equity in order to focus on the temporal. On a final note, while the two concepts roll quite glibly off the tongue together, after a moment’s consideration it seems somewhat odd that the notions of intergenerational and intra-generational equity terms should be associated in the first place. Common law (and other) legal systems are infused to their very core with the notions of equity and fairness between contemporaries. Intergenerational equity, however, offers something different – an attempt to facilitate a level of justice between members of different generations, and in doing so presents a potential key to the instigation of a longer term decision-making process. This is something that common law legal systems have not prioritised in the past (and understandably so: not only is the structure of the common law legal system poorly equipped for such an approach, but also achieving justice between contemporaries is hard enough in itself). However, the long-term nature of complex environmental problems creates the need for innovation within the legal system. The notion of intergenerational equity, while fraught with challenges, presents an opportunity for the law to take a new approach to justice over the long-term. The fact that Australian judges have taken a cumulative approach to assessing impacts upon future generations indicates an appreciation for the central temporal quality of the principle of intergenerational equity. Administrative Law as Environmental Governance The judgements in Gray, Taralga, and Walker are grounded in administrative law. More specifically, they each deal with administrative decisions concerning environmental impact assessment. They form part of a broader ascension of administrative law as a tool for environmental legal challenge in Australia. Bell and McGillivray note that ‘environmental law has not been developed as a self-contained discipline, but has simply borrowed concepts from other areas of law.’ When new types of environmental problem, such as climate change, arise, environmental solutions must take whatever form they can. The use of administrative law as a form of environmental redress has both advantages and limitations in the context of the principle of intergenerational equity. In addition to being a well-established area of law, administrative law has the advantage of offering preventative, rather than reactive, forms of redress. The temporal characteristics of environmental problems can present a particular challenge when it comes to finding an appropriate legal remedy. Environmental solutions conceived under the common law, such tort actions in nuisance or negligence, have traditionally been reactive rather than preventative. Moreover, with respect to climate change, the temporal disconnection between the causes of global warming (carbon dioxide emissions) and its negative effects (for example, extreme weather events) appears to contribute to the difficulty plaintiffs face in proving causation in negligence suits. By allowing parties to challenge administrative decisions affecting the environment that have failed to consider ESD principles, the administrative law approach facilitates the prevention, rather than the retrospective compensation for environmental harm. This helps to give proper effect to the notion of intergenerational equity, which requires that the interests of future generations be taken into account in decision-making. Administrative law also has a number of limitations as a means for facilitating the principle of intergenerational equity. Generally, judges conducting judicial review of an administrative decision are prevented from reviewing the decision on its merits. In such cases, judges must restrict themselves to determining the legality of the decision-making process, rather than the merits of the decision itself. The NSWLEC is distinctive in that it has a merits review jurisdiction in addition to its ordinary judicial review jurisdiction. In cases falling under its merits review jurisdiction, the NSWLEC is required to put itself in the shoes of the original administrative decision-maker and to make a new decision. As Biscoe J notes in Walker, most of the NSWLEC’s decision on ESD principles have occurred within the Court’s merits review jurisdiction. While this affords the Court an opportunity to discuss the constitution of ESD principles in depth, it is unclear to what extend decisions made under this special jurisdiction can be deemed to contribute to the development of jurisprudence. Jagot J notes in Drake-Brockman v Minister for Planning that ‘care must be taken in applying observations about the level or extent of issues found to be appropriate in merits appeals to other contexts.’ In that case, Jagot J refused to accept the Applicant’s argument that Gray stood for a general proposition an environmental impact assessment will be inadequate if it does not include a quantitative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions. Jagot J distinguished Gray on the grounds that, essentially, it was the process of decision-making that had been flawed in Gray, rather than the substance of the decision itself: what appeared to have been critical in Gray was the disjunction between what the Director-General required †¦ and what the Director-General accepted as adequate†¦ Gray does not stand for a general proposition that Pt 3A of the EPA Act requires any particular form of assessment of greenhouse gas emissions for each and every project to which that Part applies. The foregoing suggests one should be cautious about reading too much into the substance of decisions on ESD principles, particularly to the extent that decisions on substance coincide with decisions based on well-established principles of administrative law. By contrast, while merits review is generally overlooked as a source of legal reasoning, Elizabeth Fisher has demonstrated (in the context, particularly, of Australian specialist environmental tribunals) that merits review has more precedential value than is commonly recognised. Fisher argues that while merits review decisions are traditionally seen as lacking a ratio decidendi, ‘the reality is †¦ that in environmental and planning law practice and scholarship merits review decisions are treated as ratios for lawyers and primary decision-makers alike.’ She notes that merits review decisions are often included in volumes of law reports and cited by judges as legal authorities. This is true of all of the three cases examined most closely in this Chapter, notwithstanding Jagot J’s scepticism in Drake-Brockman v Minister for Planning.   While Fisher is sympathetic to Jagot J’s words of caution, and notes that there is great variation between tribunals as to what constitutes the process and impact of merits review, her work nonetheless demonstrates that the merits review decisions cannot be dismissed as extra-legal. Far from it, merits review decisions are helping to develop jurisprudence within environmental law. A separate but related point with respect to constructing a jurisprudence of intergenerational equity through administrative law is that there is a risk that the principle will come to be treated as a procedural step in development decisions rather than a principle of wide applicative scope. In Bentley v BGP Properties Pty Ltd, a case, once again, dealing with the requirements of an environmental impact assessment, Preston J stated that the requirement for prior environmental impact assessment and approval enables the present generation to meet its obligation of intergenerational equity by ensuring the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained and enhanced for the benefit of future generations’. This view, if read as describing the exhaustive role of the principle of intergenerational equity, greatly diminishes the scope of the principle. A preferable view would be that prior environmental impact assessment is a necessary but insufficient requirement of the notion of intergenerational equity in the specific context of some planning decisions under the relevant legislation. Conclusion The interests of future generations are often at odds with those of the present, particularly in the context of the environment. Legislators, as elected representatives of current generations, have little incentive to make laws that protect the environmental well-being of future generations if those laws in any way restrict the way of life of their living constituency. Even where legislators do enact measures that risk current unpopularity for a future gain, their work may be repealed by a more populist successor; parliaments cannot bind their successors. On a more local scale, administrative decision-makers are often tempted by similarly short-term incentives. For these reasons, the principle of intergenerational equity is a hopeful addition to environmental law. Though thus far little-used, the principle aims to balance the interests of current and future generations in decision-making, in particular with respect to the environment. In Australian legislation, the definition of the principle of intergenerational equity is vague. Legislators have left the elucidation of the principle to the Courts. Academic interest in the principle has generally focused on its normative basis; this Chapter has sought to elucidate the practical implications of the principle by examining its appearance in Australian case law, where the jurisprudence on the principle is most developed. The practical impact of the principle of intergenerational equity is potentially far-reaching, and as such judges have been given a wide discretion with respect to the environmental interests of future generations. Given the failure of legislators to protect the environmental interests of future generations where they conflict with the current interests (usually economic) of current constituencies, the tempering potential for the principle of intergenerational equity is profound. Moreover, the tenured and independently appointed judiciary is structurally less beholden to short-term considerations than those in the legislature. An examination of three relevant cases reveals the formation of a nascent jurisprudence on intergenerational equity within Australia. As the first of its kind globally, the impact of this jurisprudence could influence case law beyond Australia. These cases, all occurring within the context of administrative decisions about planned developments, show that the principle intergenerational equity requires administrative decision-makers to do a number of things. First, decision-makers must consider the cumulative environmental impact of proposed decisions. This is significant in that it attempts to prevent the creeping accumulation of negative environmental impacts, however small individually. Second, it demonstrates the propensity of the judiciary to take a longer term view of environmental management. Third, the decision in Gray suggests that the principle of intergenerational equity requires more than the mere flagging of environmental issues in an impact assessment, instead it require s a thorough consideration of their impact within the relevant contextual setting. This suggests that judges are unwilling to allow the environmental impact assessment process to become a mere box-ticking exercise. The decision in Taralga moved beyond the environmental impact assessment context to that of energy production and is sweeping in its scope. In this context, the Court found that the principle not only demands that the process of production and use of energy occur in a manner which accounts for the requirements of future generations, but also requires new types of clean energy production to be substituted increasingly for old, emissions-intensive methods. The reach of this finding is potentially great – it seems likely that were it applied to prevent the construction of, for example, a new coal mine, it would spark a legislative reaction. Perhaps of more general applicability is the Court’s finding in this case that the long-term interests of a community may at times trump the narrow, immediate interests of the present. The jurisprudence on intergenerational equity is of course very limited. This article has aimed to sketch a preliminary picture of the principle to date, and to draw from it implications about the power of the principle to overcome the short-term focus of many environmental projects when left to the legislature. The feature that sets apart the principle of intergenerational equity from other pieces of environmental law is its focus on redressing the imbalance between current and future interests. The Australian legislation has left the development of the principle in the hands of judges, a (perhaps unintentionally) wise decision given the general inability of legislators to make current sacrifices in order to achieve long-term benefits. In the case of Taralga in particular, the NSWLEC has shown a willingness to genuinely balance narrow current interests with broader future ones, finding in favour of the future. As Preston CJ noted, ‘resolving this conundrum’ is ‘not easy’. Nonetheless, this finding in particular embodies the spirit of the principle of intergenerational equity and offers some hope that its influence may in time play a part in tipping the balance back toward the future. Next Page   VI. Investing in the Future Previous Page   Implications

What to Expect on College Move-In Day

What to Expect on College Move-In Day The excitement on a college campus during move-in day is palpable. New students are moving in, parents are trying to figure out how to help, and there are usually just enough student orientation leaders and staff members to create the perfect mixture of confusion and assistance. How can you keep yourself on track? Know the Schedule and Stick to It If youre moving into a campus residence hall room, you most likely have been assigned a very specific time for unloading your items. Make sure to stick with this schedule. Not only will things be easier for you during your time to unload, but they will also be easier for you for the rest of the day. Move-in day is usually crammed full of events, meetings, and to-dos, so sticking to your assigned move-in time is of high importance.  Every minute of your move-in day is scheduled for a reason: there is a lot to cover and all of it is important. Go to every event youre assigned to, be there on time, and take notes. Chances are your brain will be overloaded by the time the day is over and those notes will come in handy later. Expect to Be Separated from Your Parents At some point during move-in day, you actually will have to be separated from your parents. Often, however, this will happen before they officially leave campus. Your parents may have a special schedule to go to that has separate events from yours. Expect this to happen and, if need be, brace your parents for it. Try Not to Be Alone Its no secret that the plan for the day is to keep you from being alone. Why? Well, just imagine what move-in day would be like without all of those scheduled events. Students would be kind of  lost, unsure of where to go, and would probably end up just hanging out in their new rooms- not the best way to meet a lot of people and get to know the school. So, even if you think the event after dinner sounds totally lame, go. You may not want to go, but do you want to miss out on what everyone else is doing? Keep in mind that the first few days of orientation are often when a lot of students meet each other, so its critical to get out of your comfort zone and join the crowd- you dont want to miss out on this vital opportunity to start making new friends. Get to Know Your Roommate There may be a lot going on, but spending a little time getting to know your roommate- and setting up some ground rules- is also super important. You dont have to be besties with your roommate, but you should at least get to know each other a little bit on move-in day and during the rest of the orientation. Get  Some Sleep! Chances are, move-in day- and the rest of orientation- will be one of the busiest times of your college life, but that doesnt mean you shouldnt take care of yourself a little, too. True, you will probably be up super late talking with people, reading all the material you were given, and just enjoying yourself, but remember that its also important to get at least a little sleep so you can stay positive, healthy, and energetic over  the next few days. Know That Its OK to Feel Sad Youre in college now! Your parents have left, the day is over, and youre finally all settled down in your new bed. Some students feel overwhelmingly happy, some feel overwhelmingly sad and scared, and some students feel all of these things at the same time! Be patient with yourself and know that you are making a humongous life adjustment and that all of your emotions are totally normal. You worked hard to get where you are and, while it may be scary, it can still be fantastic at the same time. Congratulate yourself on a job well done, let yourself be sad when you need to, and get ready to start your new college life- after a good nights sleep, of course.

Business management - Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business management - Starbucks - Essay Example Information obtained from http://investor.starbucks.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=99518&p=irol-irhome, also posits to the effect that â€Å"Starbucks purchases and roasts high-quality whole bean coffees and sells them, along with fresh, rich-brewed coffees, Italian-style espresso beverages, cold blended beverages, a variety of complementary food items, a selection of premium teas, and beverage-related accessories and equipment, primarily through company-operated retail stores.† The company also sells coffee products and tea through other channels like licensed retail stores. According to information obtained from its official website, Starbucks was established in 1985 and its operations are mainly guided by its mission statement: â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit—one person, one cup, and one neighbourhood at a time.† The company also strives to be the world’s leader in production of fine coffee. Its success as the world leader in the coffee industry can be attributed to the differentiation strategy it uses. This report will specifically focus on the United States Segment where the company has its own stores as well as licensed stores. Starbucks is very popular in the US and of notable concern is the fact that its operations are also shaped by trade practices as well as regulations such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).The economic forces in the US also shape the operations of the company. However, the US operating segment contributed 69% of total net revenues for the fiscal year 2011. 1.1 Task A: ANALYSIS OF STARBUCKS’ EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT This section of the report critically analyses Starbucks’ external environment. PESTEL analysis will be used to analyse the macro environment while Porter’s five forces model will be used to analyse the micro environment. This part of the paper will also identify the opportunities and threats that exist in the external market. 1.2 PESTEL Analysis There are vario us external factors that shape the operations of Starbucks and PESTEL is an acronym for political, economic, social, technological, environmental as well as legal factors impacting on the operations of the organisation and this too is going to be used to carry out the external environmental analysis. The table in index 1 shows the external factors that impact on the operations of the above mentioned company. Starbucks FY11 Annual Report (2011) shows that the company managed to raise the highest amount of revenue of $11, 7 billion from its operations. This is the highest amount of revenue to be generated by the company after the global economic recession that was witnessed in the US around 2007-2009. The success of the company can be attributed to the external factors that are obtaining in the environment where the company operates. As shown in appendix 1, political stability in the US plays a pivotal role in the success of the